Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Korea
Copyright © 2019 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
• Concussion: transient altered brain function due to mechanical trauma to the head from which it is anticipated that the individual will recover in no more than 3 months. |
• Mild traumatic brain injury: a description of the severity of a mechanical injury to the brain that is characterized by no loss of consciousness (LOC) or LOC lasting <30 min and an initial Glasgow Coma Scale of 13–15. |
• Postconcussional syndrome: a constellation of clinical symptoms (headache, dizziness, irritability, impaired concentration, insomnia, etc.) persisting <3 months following mechanical trauma to the brain. |
• Persistent postconcussion dizziness: persistence of dizziness >3 months following a mechanical trauma to the brain that cannot be attributed to a primary labyrinthine disorder (e.g., benign paroxysmal positional vertigo) or to any discernable structural injury to the brain. Descriptions of dizziness may include periodic spinning, spatial disorientation, unsteadiness, rocking or floating sensation, or motion sensitivity. |
Persistent postconcussion dizziness | Vestibular migraine | Chronic subjective dizziness |
---|---|---|
>3 months of periodic floating, rocking, spinning, tilting, head-motion intolerance, visual vertigo, imbalance, and feelings of unsteadiness that vary in severity day to day | At least five episodes with vertigo, visual vertigo, head-motion intolerance of moderate or severe intensity lasting 5 minutes to 72 hours | >3 months of lightheadedness, heavy headedness, imbalance, feeling of spinning “inside the head,” perceptions of movement, disassociation from environment |
Ofen combined with poor ability to multitask, reduced concentration and mental focus, irritability, general headaches, disturbances of sleep | Current or previous history of migraine with or without aura, according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) | Anxiety, feeling as though one may lose control, panic attacks, difficulty concentrating, agoraphobia |
Presence of nausea is variable; intolerance of stress, poor ability to organize, and easily fatigued | One or more migraine features with at least 50% of the vestibular episodes: (1) headache with at least 2 of the following: one-sided location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe pain intensity, aggravation by routine physical activity; (2) photophobia and phonophobia, visual aura | Absence of nausea and lack of worsening of symptoms with head motion |
Symptom onset within 7 days of a trauma to the head or brain | Not better accounted for by another vestibular or ICHD diagnosis | Not better accounted for by another vestibular diagnosis or migraine |