1Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
2Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved.
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Characteristic | Patient group | Normal group |
---|---|---|
No. of participants | 45 | 12 |
Age (yr) | 56.7±14.2 | 29.3±8.4 |
Sex, female | 22 (48.9) | 4 (33.3) |
Unilateral caloric weakness | ||
No | 28 (66.7) | 12 (100) |
Yes | 14 (33.3) | 0 (0) |
Diagnosis | ||
Vestibulopathy | 16 | |
Vestibular migraine | 8 | |
M enière’s disease | 6 | |
Parkinsonism | 6 | |
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency | 3 | |
Episodic dizziness | 3 | |
Cerebellar ataxia | 1 | |
Imbalance | 1 | |
Post-earthquake disease | 1 |
Variable | Patient group (n=45) | Normal group (n=12) |
---|---|---|
Right warma) | ||
Rotating | 33 (75.0) | 8 (66.7) |
Others | 11 (25.0) | 4 (33.3) |
Linear | 7 | 2 |
No perception | 4 | 2 |
Left warmb) | ||
Rotating | 32 (72.7) | 7 (58.3) |
Others | 12 (27.3) | 5 (41.7) |
Linear | 8 | 4 |
No perception | 4 | 1 |
Right coolc) | ||
Rotating | 32 (74.4) | 7 (58.3) |
Others | 11 (25.6) | 5 (41.7) |
Linear | 4 | 3 |
No perception | 7 | 2 |
Left coold) | ||
Rotating | 33 (78.6) | 8 (66.7) |
Others | 9 (21.4) | 4 (33.4) |
Linear | 3 | 2 |
No perception | 6 | 2 |
Bithermal caloric test | Rotation | Linear | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Right warm | |||
Canal paresis (%) | 12.84±23.79 | 1.78±34.60 | >0.05 |
Slow phase peak velocity (°/sec) | 21.67±13.96 | 24.33±22.95 | >0.05 |
Perception latency (sec) | 34.39±13.40 | 25.41±5.12 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 23.36±8.38 | 26.47±6.83 | >0.05 |
Perception duration (sec) | 112.68±36.78 | 109.09±8.86 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 118.85±28.98 | 104.01±24.71 | >0.05 |
Left warm | |||
Canal paresis (%) | 6.46±26.06 | 3.82±27.86 | >0.05 |
Slow phase peak velocity (°/sec) | 20.88±16.12 | 23.67±21.44 | >0.05 |
Perception latency (sec) | 36.41±13.29 | 31.78±4.28 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 23.55±11.66 | 25.63±15.38 | >0.05 |
Perception duration (sec) | 114.24±30.50 | 103.77±25.44 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 133.44±24.26 | 118.95±24.60 | >0.05 |
Right cool | |||
Canal paresis (%) | 13.95±24.86 | 11.17±19.75 | >0.05 |
Slow phase peak velocity (°/sec) | 14.17±7.10 | 9.00±4.72 | >0.05 |
Perception latency (sec) | 38.64±15.23 | 33.32±5.64 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 24.46±10.71 | 28.80±12.65 | >0.05 |
Perception duration (sec) | 118.14±32.63 | 82.08±24.98 | 0.015 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 126.01±24.29 | 95.77±28.88 | 0.005 |
Left cool | |||
Canal paresis (%) | 5.44±26.04 | 3.60±37.35 | >0.05 |
Slow phase peak velocity (°/sec) | 10.83±5.57 | 7.20±2.86 | >0.05 |
Perception latency (sec) | 41.68±14.59 | 37.71±11.84 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 28.08±11.53 | 26.44±7.55 | >0.05 |
Perception duration (sec) | 102.54±32.45 | 81.04±22.88 | >0.05 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 130.26±30.34 | 105.40±28.95 | >0.05 |
Biothermal caloric test | Patient group (n=45) | Normal group (n=12) |
---|---|---|
Right warma) | ||
Perception precedence | 8 (19.0) | 3 (25.0) |
Nystagmus precedence | 34 (81.0) | 9 (75.0) |
Perception latency (sec) | 30.22±9.79 | 43.01±18.08 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 119.07±32.35 | 87.82±28.71 |
Perception duration (sec) | 21.88±5.95 | 31.87±12.08 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 123.93±23.30 | 95.25±36.06 |
Left warmb) | ||
Perception precedence | 7 (16.7) | 2 (16.7) |
Nystagmus precedence | 35 (83.3) | 10 (83.3) |
Perception latency (sec) | 34.54±12.41 | 38.14±9.98 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 22.97±11.55 | 28.29±13.89 |
Perception duration (sec) | 116.47±30.32 | 87.82±28.71 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 132.84±24.16 | 95.25±36.06 |
Right coolc) | ||
Perception precedence | 5 (12.5) | 1 (8.3) |
Nystagmus precedence | 35 (87.5) | 11 (91.7) |
Perception latency (sec) | 36.67±12.76 | 42.01±19.01 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 25.76±11.44 | 28.47±9.08 |
Perception duration (sec) | 118.95±34.69 | 94.32±25.56 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 122.36±28.10 | 106.43±20.69 |
Left coold) | ||
Perception precedence | 5 (12.5) | 3 (25.0) |
Nystagmus precedence | 35 (87.5) | 9 (75.0) |
Perception latency (sec) | 40.01±13.13 | 45.69±17.81 |
Nystagmus latency (sec) | 27.45±10.89 | 31.14±15.22 |
Perception duration (sec) | 107.00±30.53 | 81.02±29.64 |
Nystagmus duration (sec) | 131.25±28.04 | 121.34±46.63 |
Diagnosis | Number |
---|---|
Normal | 5 |
Unilateral vestibulopathy | 3 |
Vestibular migraine | 4 |
Menière’s disease | 2 |
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency | 1 |
Cerebellar ataxia | 2 |
Multiple system atrophy | 2 |
Post-earthquake dizziness | 1 |
Variable | Stimuli | r | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Perception latency–nystagmus latency | RW | 0.349 | 0.013 |
RC | 0.585 | <0.001 | |
LC | 0.324 | 0.030 | |
Perception latency–perception duration | RW | –0.585 | <0.001 |
LW | –0.359 | 0.014 | |
LC | –0.593 | <0.001 | |
Nystagmus latency–nystagmus duration | RW | –0.555 | <0.001 |
LW | –0.473 | <0.001 | |
RC | –0.441 | 0.001 | |
LC | –0.564 | <0.001 | |
Perception duration–nystagmus duration | RW | 0.423 | 0.004 |
RC | 0.560 | <0.001 | |
LC | 0.482 | 0.002 | |
Nystagmus latency–slow phase peak velocity | RW | –0.446 | 0.001 |
LW | –0.478 | <0.001 | |
RC | –0.492 | <0.001 | |
LC | –0.302 | 0.030 |
Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).
Values are presented as number (%) or number only. Missing value: a)1, b)1, c)2, and d)3.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. Missing value: a)3, b)3, c)5, and d)5.
LC, left cool stimuli; LW, left warm stimuli; RC, right cool stimuli; RW, right warm stimuli.