1Department of Neurology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
2Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan, Korea
Copyright © 2022 by The Korean Balance Society.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
이해관계(CONFLICT OF INTEREST)
저자들은 이 논문과 관련하여 이해관계의 충돌이 없음을 명시합니다.
연구 지원(FUNDING/SUPPORT)
이 논문은 2021학년도 원광대학교의 교비 지원에 의해 수행되었습니다.
저자 기여(AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS)
Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Funding acquisition: HSL; Formal analysis, Project administration: YSK, HSL; Investigation, Visualization: YSK; Writing–original draft: YSK, HSL; Writing–review & editing: YSK, HSL.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
IVCD, International Classification of Vestibular Disorders.
Adapted from the article of Beh SC [8] according to the Creative Commons License.
IHS, International Headache Society; ICHD, International Classification of Headache Disorder.
Adapted from the website (https://ichd-3.org/1-migraine/) of third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3).
ICHD, International Classification of Headache Disorder; DHI, dizziness handicap inventory; VSS, vertigo severity score.
* p<0.05.
Adapted from the article of Maldonado Fernández M et al. [41].
Terms usually used by patients | |
Spinning, rocking, tilting, or swaying | |
Unsteady, off-balance, or off-kilter | |
Lightheaded | |
Foggy, clouded, or disoriented | |
Drunk or seasick | |
Floating sensation, or walking on air or pillow | |
Coming off a roller-coaster or merry-go-round | |
Vestibular symptoms defined by ICVD | |
Spontaneous vertigo as a false motion sensation of self or surrounding | |
Visually induced vertigo | |
Positional vertigo (after a change of head position) | |
Head motion-induced vertigo (during head motion) | |
Head motion-induced dizziness (sensation of disturbed spatial orientation) |
A. At least five episodes fulfilling criteria C and D | ||
B. A current or past history of migraine without aura or migraine with aura according to the ICHD | ||
C. Vestibular symptoms of moderate or severe intensity, lasting between 5 minutes and 72 hr | ||
D. At least half of episodes are associated with at least one of the following three migrainous features: | ||
1. Headache with at least two of the following four characteristics: | ||
a) Unilateral location | ||
b) Pulsating quality | ||
c) Moderate or severe intensity | ||
d) Aggravation by routine physical activity | ||
2. Photophobia and phonophobia | ||
3. Visual aura | ||
E. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis or by another vestibular disorder |
Drug | Daily dose (mg) | Study design | Duration (mo) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|
Propranolol | 40–160 | Prospective, randomized, controlled (n=33) | 4 | Severity: DHI 55.8±2.7 to 31.3±3.7* |
VSS 7.3±0.3 to 2.1±0.4* | ||||
Attacks per month: 12.6±1.8 to 1.9±0.7* | ||||
Venlafaxine | 37.5–150 | Prospective, randomized, controlled (n=31) | 4 | Severity: DHI 50.9±2.5 to 19.9±2.9* |
VSS 7.1±0.3 to 1.8±0.5* | ||||
Attacks per month: 12.2±1.8 to 2.6±1.1* | ||||
Venlafaxine | 37.5 | Prospective (n=25) | 3 | Severity: DHI 41.7±16.9 to 31.3±14.1* |
VSS 5.9±1.7 to 3.8±1.2* | ||||
Flunarizine | 10 | Prospective (n=25) | 3 | Severity: DHI 46.6±15.1 to 39.8±16.3* |
VSS 6.4±1.9 to 5.9±1.6* | ||||
Valproic acid | 1,000 | Prospective (n=25) | 3 | Severity: DHI 46.8±13.5 to 38.7±13.6* |
VSS 5.8±1.8 to 5.3±1.0* | ||||
Cinnarizine | 75 | Prospective open-label (n=24) | 3 | Attacks per month: 3.8±1.1 to 0.4±0.6* |
IVCD, International Classification of Vestibular Disorders. Adapted from the article of Beh SC [
IHS, International Headache Society; ICHD, International Classification of Headache Disorder. Adapted from the website (
ICHD, International Classification of Headache Disorder; DHI, dizziness handicap inventory; VSS, vertigo severity score. p<0.05. Adapted from the article of Maldonado Fernández M et al. [